The Vietnam Conflict Began In The Late Nineteenth Century. The Essay Example For Students

The Vietnam Conflict Began In The Late Nineteenth Century. The Essay French conquered Vietnam and made it a protectorate. For nearly fortyyears, Vietnam had not experienced settled peace. The League for theIndependence of Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) was formed in 1941, seekingindependence from the French. On September 2nd,1945, Ho Chi Minhproclaimed it independent of France. The French opposed theirindependence from 1945 to 1954. The first representatives of deGualles government landed by parachute in Saigon and Hanoi on August23rd, 1945. The French wanted to reestablish their rule in Vietnam butwere beaten at the battle of Dien Bien Phu on May 7th, 1954. TheFrench Expeditionary Force tried to prevent the Viet Minh fromentering Laos and Dien Bien Phu was the place chosen to do so. TheFrench were not very careful and this allowed the Viet Minh to cut offtheir airway to Hanoi. After a siege that had lasted for fifty fivedays, the French surrendered. Ho Chi Minh led the war against Franceand won. We will write a custom essay on The Vietnam Conflict Began In The Late Nineteenth Century. The specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After the war there was a conference in Geneva where Vietnam wasdivided into two parts along the seventeenth parallel. North Vietnamwas mainly Communist and supported Ho Chi Minh, while the south wassupported by the United States and the French were based there. Therewas still some Communist rebels within South Vietnam. These were theViet Cong. The South Vietnam ruler was Ngo Dinh Diem who was anti Communist. At the conference, Laos and Cambodia became independentstates. North Vietnam wished to unify North and South Vietnam throughmilitary force. Since the United States feared the spread of communismin Asia, John F. Kennedy provided economic and military aid to SouthVietman to prevent the takeover by North Vietnam. At this time, thiswas still a civil war. The United States were not yet officiallyinvolved. The North Vietnamese resented the little intervention by theUnited Sates and so, three Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on theU.S. destroyer, Maddox on August 2nd, 1964. The Maddox hadbeen in the Gulf of Tonkin ( international waters ), thirty miles offthe coast of Vietnam. On August 3rd, 1964, Johnson gave the right toattack with the objective of destroying attacking forces ( Pimlott1982, 36 ). Retaliation air attacks began on August 3rd. Their aim wasto destroy North Vietnams gunboat capability. As two more UnitedStates destroyers were supposedly sunk, more air and sea forces weresent ( Wicker August 5, 1964, 1 ). Up until now, the U.S. hadrefrained from direct combat. This is when the United States formallyentered the Vietman War. The U.S. did this for two reasons. We wishedto maintain the independence of South Vietnam and we had to prove toallied nations that we would help them resist Communist overtaking. AsCongress was about to vote whether or not to allow the combat to mov einto North Vietnam, the North Vietnamese attacked a major U.S. airbaseat Bein Hoa. On February 7th, 1965, Johnson ordered retaliationbombing on North Vietnam. Rolling Thunder was the name of thisoperation. Its purpose was to put pressure on Hanoi and convince themthat Communism could not and would not win. At the end of 1965, one hundred and eighty thousand Americanswere in South Vietnam under General William S. Westmoreland(Encyclopedia Britannica, 12, 361 ). The U.S. mainly depended onsuperior firepower and helicopters. The Viet Cong and North Vietnamesedepended on surprise attack and concealment. The United States soldiers realized that the war would last formany more years and wondered if the U.S. war effort could succeed. Atthe end of 1968, The number of American troops in South Vietnamreached its peak of 542, 000 men ( Pimlott 1982, 53 ). The Viet Congand North Vietnamese launched a major invasion against the UnitedStates called the Tet offensive from January 30th to February 25th,1968. At the Khe Sanh U.S. firebase, there was a major ground battle. .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .postImageUrl , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:hover , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:visited , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:active { border:0!important; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:active , .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5 .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38586ef28acd61cfb6f444c93da3a8a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Night 2 EssayThere was a siege from January 21st to April 14th. It was thought tobe the American Dien Bien Phu . The United States turned it aroundhowever, with their victory at Hue. By 1969, combat decreased rapidlyand American troops began to return home. The role of Communism was extremely important in this conflict. Communism was one of the main reasons of why the United States enteredthe war in the first place. The U.S. had to enter the war to stopthe spread of Communism in Asia since North Vietnam was Communist. IfNorth Vietnam were to succeed in converting Vietnam into a Communistcountry, it could become very powerful and go on to pursuade othercountries to become Communist. The U.S. believed that Vietnam couldbecome powerful. They were amazed that France, an Allied power, hadbeen beaten by the Vietnamese. North Vietnam was a Communist country. The man who hadproclaimed Vietnam independent, Ho Chi Minh, was a Communist. He was aMarxist and believed in national Communism ( EncyclopediaBritannica, 5, 955). During the war with the French, Ho Chi Minh tookrefuge in northern Vietnam and settled there with his followers. Hefounded the Indochina Communist Party and the Viet Minh. The Viet Minhdid not become Communist until the 1950s. He became the president ofNorth Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. North Vietnam was a poor area and wascut off from the agricultural benefit of South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minhwas forced to ask assistance from major Communist allies the SovietUnion and China. Both aided North Vietnam before and during the war. The North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam. They wanted to usemilitary tactics to force unification. The United States didnot allow their unification. The U.S. knew that the Viet Cong andNorthVietnamese wished to establish one ruling government,the Communist Party. This led to the Vietnam War and U.S. intervention. On January 27th, 1973, South Vietnam Communist forces ( VietCong ), North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the United States agreed onmany things during peace talks that were held in Paris. The talks hadlasted for over two years before any agreements were made that suitedall of them. The forces involved agreed that U.S. troops wouldgradually withdraw from Vietnam and all prisoners of war would bereleased. They also agreed that South Vietnam had the right to choosetheir own future, whether or not to unite with North Vietnam. NorthVietnamese troops were given the right to remain in South Vietnambut they could not be reinforced. Nixon was the U.S. president whofinalized the accepted treaty and began to remove United Statestroops. Even after the peace talks, fighting continued between the Northand South Vietnamese. After the majority of American soldiers hadleft, North Vietnam went against all that was enforced at the peacetalks. North Vietnam planned a major invasion on the south in 1975 or1976. By April 30th, 1976, North Vietnamese tanks had occupied Saigon,the capital of South Vietnam, with no trouble. On July 2nd, 1976, the country was united as the SocialistRepublic of Vietnam. The capital became Hanoi and it was underCommunist rule. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City after theinstigator of Communism. The North Vietnamese had won. Forty seventhousand Americans were killed in action and three hundred andthirteen soldiers were wounded, physically as well as mentally. Thewar had cost the United States an estimated two hundred billiondollars ( Encyclopedia Britannica, 12, 361 ). There were two thousand,two hundred and sixty one United States servicemen listed as missingin action ( Time, February 15, 1993, 44 ). The tally is stillincomplete. Some say that this war was fought for nothing. There wereonly losses and nothing was gained. .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .postImageUrl , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:hover , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:visited , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:active { border:0!important; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:active , .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f1c078e290027a478a215471875280f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Five Universe Creation Myths EssayAfter the war, southern Vietnams agriculture, business andindustry were devestated. The newly Communist Vietnam, Laos andCambodia became an important South Asian power. Today, Vietnamremains under Communist rule. The Vietnamese Communist Party is themajor political party. The State Council Chairman is Vo Chi Chong. ThePrime Minister is Do Muoi. After the Vietnam war, United States Presidents tried to punishVietnam for the losses suffered by their country. They cut off alltrade to Vietnam. Vietnams economy was severely damaged. This cameabout by the U.S. decision to stop trade and the new efforts toinstall a Soviet style system in the unified country. By 1985, tenyears after its liberation , Vietnam had to beg for help from theSoviet Union ( Time, February 15, 1993, 43 ). In 1986, the government leaders began an economic plan, doi moito get Vietnam back on its feet. When aid from the Soviet Unionstopped, the country was able to stand on its own. The Vietnameseveterans dont regard the Americans as enemies but the governmentleaders do. The government fears that if contact with the UnitedStates increases, it might result in a revolution that would destroytheir authority. Meanwhile, even without United States help, Vietnamis seen to be an important exporter in the future. Japan has alreadyexported goods to Vietnam and the United States is afraid that theywill soon gain economic control over the entire region.

A Biography of Adolf Hitler

A Biography of Adolf Hitler Free Online Research Papers When Hitler was born at the end of the 19th century, the country of Germany had not even fought in one World War. By the time he died, Adolf Hitler had helped fight in one World War and had started another. This son of a civil servant would change the world in countless ways and cause the deaths of millions. Hitler’s experiences in life before becoming the leader of the Third Reich of Nazi Germany would help shape him into the man who would eventually become one of the most recognizable names in the 20th century. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small town called Braunau into a family that would sharply influence his beliefs (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). He was the son of Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl and was technically their fourth child but the previous three all did not survive to make it into their adult lives, making him the focus of their attention until they had two more children. Alois had a son from a previous marriage who did not live up to his high expectations and eventually ended up in jail for theft (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This bothered Hitler’s father greatly and he vowed that he would not fail his next son and do whatever it took to make him into a proper man. Alois was a very intense and angry father and would beat Adolf if he didn’t do exactly as he was told. The household Adolf Hitler grew up in was not the most pleasant place to be and he had only his mother to turn to for comfort. The family tree of Adolf Hitler indicates a few reasons that he would turn out to behave the way he did. The man who was Adolf’s grandfather remains a mystery; the only documentation of his father’s birth says that a unmarried servant girl named Maria Anna Schicklgruber who gave birth to Alois but â€Å"In the registry of births in Dollersheim parish the space for the name of the child’s father was left blank† (Fest, 1974, p.15). There are different stories floating around about who is the true grandfather but the most intriguing one is the one that would give that distinction to a Jewish man named Frankenberger. Maria was working in his house at the time that she became pregnant and when Hans Frank who was Hitler’s lawyer later looked into this idea, he found some evidence that would indicate that Frankenberger was the actual grandfather. However nothing that could be proved ever came of this but â€Å"its real significance is independent of it being true or false. What is psychologically of crucial importance is that fact that Frank’s findings forced Hitler to doubt his own descent† (15). Throughout his life, Hitler would try to hide his family history due to the shame he would feel if he discovered that he was related to the group of people that he despised most. Alois Hitler’s involvement in his son’s life played a strong role in what Hitler would grow up to be. Alois was described a man who was â€Å"hard, unsympathetic and short tempered† (Bullock, 1962, 25). To make matters even worse, â€Å"The Hitler household now consisted of Adolf, little brother Edmund, little sister Paula, older half-brother Alois Jr., older half-sister Angela and two parents who were home all the time† (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). All the noise from everyone jammed into the small living quarters did not improve Alois’ mood much during his peaceful retirement and he took it out on the children. Adolf’s step brother received most of the beatings and harsh words due to his being the oldest until finally one day he couldn’t take it anymore and ran away. This made Adolf next in line to obtain all the attention that Alois felt was necessary to guide his boys. His father, with his domineering and har sh style of parenting would help to make Hitler into a man who lacked empathy for (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). The reason behind many of Adolf’s failures at school at least according to him was that he was doing poorly in order to spite his father. Their poor relationship led him to want to go against anything his father wanted. Alois due to his commanding nature thought â€Å"It was simply inconceivable to him that I might reject what had become the content of his whole life† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p.8). At this time, the Hitler family moved from their small farm home into the town of Lambach, Austria where Hitler would learn the importance of religion. By going to school at a monastery, Hitler gained a special insight into the lives of men who made speeches for a living and controlled the lives of others. Hitler â€Å"especially admired the Abbot in charge, who ruled his black-robbed monks with supreme authority. At home Hitler sometimes played priest and even included long sermons† (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). The lifestyle of a priest appealed greatly to Hitler, he loved the idea of giving speeches to many and the power they had over the people that listened to his words and those working under him. Also found around the monastery, were swastikas carved into wood and other things which Hitler would have seen almost every day by going to school there (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This symbol obviously had a great impact on him due to the fact that he made the swastika the symbol of the Nazi’s that would become one of the most well recognized images worldwide. Also during this time, Hitler was placed in many situations where he had to make a decision on where his loyalties lie. Being a German-Austrian in Hitler’s eyes had three schools of thought you were either â€Å"The fighters, the lukewarm, and the traitors† (Mein Kampf, 1927, 12). Adolf Hitler was of course a fighter, which meant that he stood for â€Å"Pan-Germanism of the Los-von-Rom movement founded by Ritter Georg von Schonerer† (10). This movement was all about reuniting Germany with the parts of Austria that had become separated and also importantly Schonerer’s movement was very strongly anti-Semitic. Hitler at this young age did not believe in the Pan-German movement which is very easy to confuse with Pan-Germanism but each has a completely different message. People who followed the Pan-German ideas were completely for the idea of German overtaking the entire world. Adolf was still able to partake in the struggle between the different views in Austria, whenever donations were taken for the school, Hitler and his fellow mates would wear corn flowers with red, gold, and black colors. This type of flower was the emblem of Germans loyal to the imperial House of Hohenzollern which was a royal monarchy that unified Germany and created the German empire. Hitler also stayed true to his beliefs in other ways, â€Å"Heil was our greeting, and instead of the imperial anthem we sang ‘Deutschland uber Allies,’ despite warnings and punishments.† (Mein Kampf, 1927, 13). This time at the monastery wo uld act as a beginning to his views of politics and fueled his fanaticism of being a German Nationalist. However all good things must come to an end and Alois Hitler decided the family needed to move again to the town of Leonding where he would begin primary school. Adolf Hitler’s academic career would provide many important experiences in affecting the man who would become leader of the Third Reich. In 1895 which was the same year that Adolf would begin primary school, his father also retired from his job as for the Austrian civil service. This was not good for Hitler because: This meant a double dose of supervision, discipline and regimentation under the watchful eyes of teachers at school and his strict father at home. His father, now 58, had spent most of his life working his way up through the civil service ranks. He was used to giving orders and having them obeyed and also expected this from his children. (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996) Adolf began his education by doing â€Å"extremely well at primary school and it appeared he had a bright academic future in front of him. He was also popular with other pupils and was much admired for his leadership qualities† (Fest, 1974, p.19). Adolf had become somewhat of a gang leader at his primary school, and this part of his life served as the start of his developing leadership qualities. Also during his time at primary school, Adolf discovered that he enjoyed drawing very much and it was something that he cared about very strongly. Most of the teachers at school thought Adolf was lazy and lacked self control. However not every teacher had such a negative view of Adolf and one there was one teacher who made such an impact that he stood out above all the rest in Hitler’s academic career. Dr. Leopold Potsch was Adolf’s history professor at the R ealschule (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). For Hitler, he has fond memories of this old man who by the passion of his tales and ability to make them forget the present, Hitler would sit in his seat aflame with fervor, and often times he was moved to tears. Adolf said that he and Dr. Potsch would sit and talk for long periods of time talking about their shared sense of intense national pride. . Potsch filled Adolf’s mind with exciting stories of past national heroes of Germany, and the idea of being a champion of his country thrilled Hitler to no end. His professor told him tales â€Å"of the German victories over France in 1870 and 1871 and attacked the Austrians for not becoming involved in these triumphs† (Spartacus Educational). What helped to make him special was that Dr. Potsch was very good at showing how past events influenced the present and showed how present events mirror the past. The professor had a special connection to the students an d: â€Å"He used our budding nationalistic fanaticism as a meaning of educating us, frequently appealing to our sense of national honor. By this alone he was able to discipline us life ruffians more easily than would have been possible by any other means. This teacher made history my favorite subject. And indeed, though he had no such intention, it was then that I became a revolutionary. For who could have studied German history under such a teacher without becoming an enemy of the state which, through its ruling house, exerted so disastrous an influence on the destinies of the nation? And who could retain his loyalty to a dynasty which in past and present betrayed the needs of the German people again and again for shameless private advantage? Did we not know, even as little boys, that this Austrian state had and could have no love for us Germans†.(Mein Kampf, 1927, 14-15) From this young age Adolf was able to decide in his mind that the only way to keep Germanism safe was by destroying Austria. This way of thinking that stayed with him for the majority of his life showed that he had an â€Å"ardent love for my German-Austrian homeland, deep hatred for the Austrian state† (16). Art allowed Hitler to express himself but the rejections that came along with it forced him to change the lifestyle he had hoped to have. Growing up, Adolf found that he and had a good amount of talent went it came to drawing and it became one of his passions throughout his life. During his time at the Realschule, Hitler in his own opinion was the best in his class at drawing and therefore received a lot of high praise for his work. All the compliments Adolf got from people started to go to his head and his view of his own art became very overrated in comparison to the artists that were already out in the real world. Art also was something that was a means to become someone of importance in society. Adolf vowed that he would never have a desk job like his father and art would be his pursuit of a â€Å"better class of society† (Fest, 1974, p. 20-21). Adolf Hitler would never be okay with having a normal job like the rest of society and now with his father not controllin g his life, he would be one step closer to forging his own path. In the final few months of his mother’s sickness, Adolf decided to take a trip to Vienna to take an entrance exam for the art Academy. When the results came back, Hitler was struck by a crushing blow when he learned that he had not been accepted into school of painting ( Mein Kampf, 1925, pp. 19-20). After thinking so highly of his skills and having everyone else around him admire his ability for so long he just was not able to comprehend how a school would not want his superior talent. However after speaking to the director at the school he recommended that Adolf apply for the architecture school there because he believed Adolf was good enough in that field to be accepted (20). Hitler accepted his fate but ran into a few problems when he learned about what was required to gain entrance to the school. In order to apply for the school of architecture, Hitler had to have a high school diploma and then attend the building school at Technik. However due to his stubbornness and refusal to do well in school in order to spite his father, he did not any of the credentials required. With his mother no longer around, Adolf Hitler returned to Vienna for the third time in order to regain his composure. After being down on himself for not making it into art school, he regained his defiance and was determined â€Å"†¦to become an architect, and obstacles do not exist to be surrendered to, but only to be broken† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 20). Looking back on these times in his life Hitler is grateful for these days because even though they seemed miserable at the time, his will to get through anything was strengthened. Adolf said: I owe it to that period that I grew hard and am still capable of being hard. And even more, I exalt it for tearing me away from the hollowness of comfortable life; for drawing the mother’s darling our of his soft downy bed and giving him ‘Dame Care’ for a new mother; for hurling me, despite all resistance, into a world of misery and poverty, thus making me acquainted with those for whom I was later to fight. ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 21) As he did with many problems he faced during his life, Hitler was able to find a way to blame the Jewish people for problems with the world of the arts. In referring to the Jews, Hitler said â€Å"Culturally he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down into the sphere of his own base nature†(Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 326). Klara Hitler was a kind and gentle woman, who was a big part of Adolf Hitler’s childhood. She was the only person that he had a strong emotional bond with and she was the person that he always turned to when things with his father got too rough, Adolf said â€Å"I had honored my father, but my mother I had loved† ( Mein Kampf, 1925 p. 18). Klara Hitler however had many health problems for much of the time Adolf was living away from the family and therefore was not always around to help him with problems he may have been having. Due to her anxiety about losing all her other children except for two, Adolf’s mother was too soft on him and Hitler used this to his advantage whenever possible (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). Even though she was not as passionate as Alois was to see Adolf become a civil servant, she still tried to keep with her husband’s wishes after he passed away and keep Adolf in school. On the day of September, 1904, Adolf would only be promoted to the next level of schooling if he were to leave that school. This marked his mother’s last attempt at getting him the education his father wanted, â€Å"She sent him to Realschule in Steyr† (Bullock, 1962, p. 20). Still though even with his father gone, his grades did not improve and his work was very poor. Adolf did so badly his first term at this new school that he went out and got drunk for the first time in his life and used the report card as toilet paper. However he still continued at the Realschule for one more semester but was still unable to make any improvements and finally his mother gave in to his request and allowed him to leave the school. Hitler was now free to try to fulfill his dream of becoming an artist and even his mother becoming gravely ill wouldn’t stop him from leaving for Vienna. This was a prime example of how Hitler’s ambition for personal success would trump any thoughts of human empathy. After failing to gain entrance into Vienna’s art school, Hitler was humiliated and was unable to even tell his mother that he was rejected and he still pretended like he was still an art student (Spartacus Educational). Hitler was able to entrance millions by the speeches he gave about Germany and what the Nazi Party would do for them to get them back what was rightfully theirs, however when it came for him to talk about himself there was much less discussion. At a period in his life where he may have needed some guidance or just a place to gather himself after the failure, Hitler didn’t take advantage of the people around and kept everything to himself. It took for Klara Hitler to pass away for Adolf to finally return home to see her one last time. At the time of her death, Hitler returned to his home and spoke with the doctor who said â€Å"he had never seen a young man so crushed by anguish and filled with grief†¦With the death of his mother, whatever affection he had ever had for any human being came to an end† (Fest, 1974, p. 28). Hitler lost the one person who he had turned to when his father’s beatings were too much or when things got too hard for him as a small child. Even though he was more distant from her as he moved off to Vienna, he still had a special bond with her that would not be shared as closely with anyone else. From that day on, Hitler â€Å"carried her photograph wherever he went and, it is claimed, had it in his hand when he died in 1945† (Spartacus Educational). Now Hitler had nobody to rely on but himself to get him to where he wanted to be in life. The illness of hit mother had used up the majority of the money his father had left to the family after his death and the small amount of pension money he received would not be enough for him to survive. Now was the time for Hitler to make something of himself and to â€Å"wrest from Fate what my father had accomplished fifty years before; I, to o, wanted to become ‘something’- but on no account a civil servant† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 18). Literature would also provide to be another important influence on the ideas and beliefs of Adolf Hitler. For Adolf, reading had a different importance than for what is what for the average intellectual of that time period. He understood that people were able to read books and have great deals of knowledge stored in their mind, however what set him apart according to him was that he was able to determine what was useful and what information was worthless in a book. According to Adolf, â€Å"Reading is not an end in itself, but a means to an end† (Bullock, 1962, p. 48). These attitudes would help show not only his Hitler’s attitude towards books but towards life as well. This is a picture of a man with a closed mind, reading only to confirm what he already believes, ignoring what does not fit in with his preconceived scheme. ‘Otherwise, Hitler says, ‘only a confused jumble of chaotic notions will result from all this reading†¦Such a person never succeeds in turning his knowledge to practical account when the opportune moment arrives; for his mental equipment is not ordered with a view to meeting the demands of every day†¦ ‘Since then (i.e. since his days in Vienna) I have extended that foundation very little, and I have changed nothing in it. (Bullock, 1962 p. 49) After reading a book about the Franco-Prussian war, Hitler’s sense of national pride would never be the same. When reading the book Adolf felt a strong connection to the men of Germany who fought for their country. However he was unable to grasp why the men of Austria including his father chose not to fight (Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 6). He strongly disagreed with their choice of not going to war because he felt that the men of Germany and Austria were of the same blood. Hitler said â€Å"Are we not the same as all other Germans? Do we not all belong together? This problem began to gnaw at my little brain for the first time† (Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 7). It was this book that caused him to strongly want to unite the area around the country of Germany because he felt that the men of Germany and Austria should come together as one. Also all the talk of fighting and battles excited Hitler very much and he became quite interested in the idea of battles and being a soldier. Th e book caused him to believe that all men should be honored to fight for their country. He also believed that national pride should lead men to be willing to die for their country because that is what they are meant to do for the good of their people. World War I would only help to enforce Hitler’s sense of national pride and would give him military experience that he would use in the future to further for his own ideals. When Franz Ferdinand was murdered by Serbian students, at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, Hitler was unsure initially at how he felt about this event (Bullock, 1962, p. 49). Ferdinand caused many problems that made many German Nationalists quite enraged, however another way to look at it was that his country of Austria would be duty-bound to fight in the war. Austria would also have to stay faithful to Germany which Hitler always believed was bound to happen (Bullock, 1962 pp. 49-50). The amount of joy that Hitler felt at finally being given the change to reu nite Germany was so great that he fell to the ground and thanked the heavens( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 161). The war finally gave Hitler a way to prove himself as a man of worth to his country. After all his past failures, the war would serve as a fresh start, which with his poor childhood would be greatly welcomed. Adolf Hitler believed that entire population wished for this war to happen and couldn’t see how anyone else could have a different view. Hitler volunteered to fight in the war; however he did not choose to fight for the country of Germany. He ended up writing a formal petition to the King of Bavaria asking to be allowed into a Bavarian regiment. The reply granted his request and he was overjoyed beyond belief at the idea of being able to fight for the land he felt loyal to (Bullock, 1962, p. 50). A few of the other men he met during this time in his regiment which included many volunteers, ended up working for him in the Nazi Party. This time of his life would help to connect him to the people that he had blocked himself off from as a younger man. When his unit finally began fighting, Hitler was assigned the job of a Meldeganger which means that he was dispatch runner who sent messages between the command staff in the back of the camp and up to the units fighting in the front (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). Hitler was very eager and was generally liked by the other soldiers however some thought that he was too enthusiastic to please his superiors. He had the uncanny ability to escape danger which was lucky for him due to the fact that he would always volunteer his services for the most dangerous missions. Hitler’s bravery ended up getting many honors including the highly esteemed Iron Cross medal during World War I (Spartacus Educational). The Iron Cross medal which is a quite rare honor for the foot soldiers such as Hitler to earn, was recommended for Adolf by a lieutenant who just happened to be a Jew (The His tory Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This was a fact that Hitler would pretend like never happened and when it was brought up, only talked about the honor and not the man who gave him the chance to earn it. The members in his unit found Adolf to be peculiar and strange, and a fellow soldier named Hans Mend â€Å"claimed that Hitler was an isolated figure who spent long periods of time sitting in the corner holding his head in silence. Then all of a sudden, Mend claimed, he would jump up and make a speech† (Spartacus Educational). Due to this strange behavior, Hitler was never promoted within the regiment past the rank of corporal. Fellow soldiers within the regiment would His superiors believed that Hitler’s odd outbursts and poor companionship within the group would make it difficult for other men to take orders from him (Spartacus Educational). The media and politicians during the war also played a role in how Hitler’s views on certain aspects of society were formed. Adolf said there was â€Å"a certain section of the press,slowly, and in a way which at first was perhaps unrecognizable to many, began to pour a few drops of wormwood into the general enthusiasm† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 166). This group of media had different ideas about how Germans should behave during the war effort. They were not fond of great displays of emotion and believed that Germany should act more like other foreign countries who accepted their battle victories with a â€Å"silent and dignified form of joy† (166-167). Hitler even as a younger man was known to have sudden outbursts of passion filled speeches overflowing with his emotions and couldn’t understand why people would want to control that. He believed that the country needed this show of passion to be able to withstand the struggle which would overtake their country during World War I ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 167). Adolf Hitler was never able to understand this type of thinking and it was something that would be changed when he became leader of the Third Reich. Another thing that also bothered Hitler about the media was the stance they took towards Marxism. Some authorities believed that Marxism had become the national way of thinking for the country of Germany. Hitler believed that their faith in this doctrine lay in the fact that they do not teach how Marxism will destroy the world â€Å"especially since this cannot be learned in Jewified universities† (Mein Kampf, 1925, 168). Adolf Hitler also gave hints as to what he believed should be done to these mostly Jewish men who were misleading the country; he said â€Å"It would have been the duty of a serious government†¦to exterminate mercilessly the agitators who were misleading the nation† (169). At the time that Hitler was a soldier, he had no urge to talk much about politics. For him, the politicians of the day were more worthless than the everyday steward who performed his daily task without complaint. Adolf said â€Å"I had never hated these big-mouths more than now when every red-blooded man with something to say yelled it into the enemy’s face or appropriately left his tongue at home and silently did his duty somewhere† (166). When Hitler became the leader of all of Germany he would make himself the dictator and get rid of all these government men whom he believed were harmful to society as a whole. Hitler would become even more distressed about his country after returning home for a short hospital stay. After becoming injured in the war, the time spent back in Vienna would only add to the anti-Semitic feelings Adolf Hitler had towards other groups of people with different ideas. While laying in his bed he listened to men brag of injuring themselves in order to escape the war and act like they were the brave ones. Hitler was outraged at these men â€Å"who boasted of their shrewdness; he noted hypocrisy, egotism, war profiteering†( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 71). Hitler decided that behind all the appraisal of these terrible ideas was the working of the Jew. Hitler was openly for the unification of Germany and he believed these Jewish men and the politicians and journalists were trying to pull everyone apart for their own gain. Adolf Hitler said that the â€Å"Hebrew Corruptors of the people†¦.should be held ‘under poison gas’ and against the politicians and journalists on the other hand†¦deserved nothing but annihilation. ‘All the implements of military power should have been ruthlessly used for the extermination of this pestilence† (Fest, 1974, pp. 71-72). Everywhere that Adolf Hitler went, he said that he saw Jews filling every office space and that every clerk was a Jew. It disgusted him that the Jewish people were all safe in the town while there were so few Jewish men to be seen fighting along the front lines for their country such as himself. Hitler thought that while the real Germans were off fighting for their country, the Jewish people were at home destroying the economy and plundering the wealth of their country for themselves. Hitler was once again was unable to fit in with society and in the spring of 1917 requested to be transferred back to the military front where he stayed until the end of the war (72) After being described by so many as the shy and loner type as a child, the life that Hitler led was nothing short of amazing. To be able to lead a nation and inspire millions to follow his every command, words cannot describe the conformation that this man underwent from his younger years into adulthood. Whether it was resisting his overbearing father or seeking comfort with his often too kind mother, there was never a calm moment in Adolf’s life. In order to become the man who would grow to be the leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler as a child and a young adult would go through many life experiences that would help turn him into one of the most identifiable men of his century. Hitler, A. (1971). Mein Kampf. ( Ralph Manheim, Trans.). Boston: Houston Mifflin. (Original work published 1925). Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Harper Row Publishers. Fest, J. (1974). Hitler. (Richard Winston Clara Winston, Trans.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. (Original work published 1973). The History Place: The Rise of Hitler. (1996). The History Place. Retrieved 27 March 2009 from Simkin, J. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 27 March 2009 from Research Papers on A Biography of Adolf HitlerAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children essays

Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children essays The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children Until rather recently, the impact of alcoholism was measured by its effect on the alcoholic, by days lost from work and highway fatalities. New research, however, has tended to concentrate on the impact of alcoholism on the family, especially the children of alcoholics. Numerous studies have reported on the familial transmission of alcoholism. It has been shown that alcoholics have more biological relatives with an alcohol problem than do nonalcoholic. Furthermore, these people have a higher probability for developing alcoholism earlier in their lives; and experiencing more severe effects of alcoholism There are in the vicinity of twenty million children under eighteen years of age whom are growing up in households where one or both parents are alcoholic, in the United States alone. These children are the unwilling victims of a disease which generally is the center of their childhood existence, and therefore shapes their personality and behavior as adults. Because of the familial nature of alcoholism children have been identified to be of high risk for developing this illness (Merikangas p.199). Unless something is done to break the patterns initiated during childhood, a significant percentage, (between 50%-60%), of those who dont become alcoholics themselves will marry an alcoholic upon reaching maturity, thereby continuing the cycle of abuse and depression. Studies of the development of drinking behavior recognize the formation of socially appropriate rules about the use of alcohol and the role of the parent behaviors and attitudes in determining drinking patterns (Wilks Clustering of depression, alcoholism and antisocial personality within families has been frequently observed (Merikangas p.199). Alcoholism is a disease of denial, that is, t...

Free Essays on The African Slave Trade

The course of human history is marked by terable crimes. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no similar effects in any other part of the world. Here is how it became. The African continent was stripped of its human resources by all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries. Then more than four centuries of a regular slave trade to build the Americas and the prosperity of the Christian states of Europe. Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, possibly as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty across the Atlantic Ocean (1). Of all these slave routes, the "slave trade" in its purest form, i.e. the European Atlantic trade, attracts most attention and gives rise to most debate. The Atlantic trade is the least poorly documented to date, but this is not the only reason. More significantly, it was directed at Africans only, whereas the Muslim countries enslaved both Blacks and Whites. And it was the f orm of slavery that indisputably contributed most to the present situation of Africa. It permanently weakened the continent, led to its colonisation by the Europeans in the nineteenth century, and engendered the racism and contempt from which Africans still suffer. While specialists squabble about the details, the basic questions raised by the enslavement of the Africans have scarcely varied since the eighteenth century, when the issue first became the subject of public debate as the result of the efforts of abolitionists in the Northern slave states, the demands of black intellectuals, and the unremitting struggle of the slaves themselves. Why the Africans rather than other peoples? Who exactly should be held re... Free Essays on The African Slave Trade Free Essays on The African Slave Trade The course of human history is marked by terable crimes. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no similar effects in any other part of the world. Here is how it became. The African continent was stripped of its human resources by all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries. Then more than four centuries of a regular slave trade to build the Americas and the prosperity of the Christian states of Europe. Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, possibly as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty across the Atlantic Ocean (1). Of all these slave routes, the "slave trade" in its purest form, i.e. the European Atlantic trade, attracts most attention and gives rise to most debate. The Atlantic trade is the least poorly documented to date, but this is not the only reason. More significantly, it was directed at Africans only, whereas the Muslim countries enslaved both Blacks and Whites. And it was the f orm of slavery that indisputably contributed most to the present situation of Africa. It permanently weakened the continent, led to its colonisation by the Europeans in the nineteenth century, and engendered the racism and contempt from which Africans still suffer. While specialists squabble about the details, the basic questions raised by the enslavement of the Africans have scarcely varied since the eighteenth century, when the issue first became the subject of public debate as the result of the efforts of abolitionists in the Northern slave states, the demands of black intellectuals, and the unremitting struggle of the slaves themselves. Why the Africans rather than other peoples? Who exactly should be held re...

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Health and Wellbeing - Essay Example The main problem is that the impact of stress on performance and lifestyle is perhaps greater now than at any time in history. Modern society lives in an increasingly complex, high-technology world in which the potential for catastrophic error has greatly increased. Knowledge of stresses-related issues plays a crucial role in medial practice, and influences healthcare programs and methods, quality of the decisions made by health and social care professionals. Stress is defined as "relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing ... and endangering his or her well-being" (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, p. 19 cited Fletcher et al 2006, p. 92). For healthcare professionals, it is difficult enough to make decisions in operational settings where the stakes are high and data are ambiguous. Whether the stressors are time constraints, noise, workload, or threat, they can play havoc with the clear thinking needed in these settings. In life of patients, they can degrade the quality of judgments, prevent the use of rational decision strategies, and severely compromise performance; at least, that is a popular appraisal of stressors. Decision makers are adaptive in their reactions to stressors. The decision strategies used in the presence of stressors may be simpler, but they are rational and make powerful use of experience. Health Health and social care professionals should understand internal and external factors that influence the individual and his emotional and psychological reaction to these factors. Stress reactions are controlled by self-regulative processing constructs, including the stable knowledge structures that support self-beliefs and motivations, processing routines for self-monitoring and self-evaluation, 'metacognitive beliefs' about the utility of emotion-focused coping, and coping skills (Fletcher et al 2006). Self-regulation is organized at three levels: a lower, automatic level that generates intrusive thoughts, an executive level that regulates coping, and schema-like self-knowledge in long-term memory. Knowledge gives freedom and guarantees complete control over the programs and methods, ways of treatment and improvements in healthcare plans. A focus on a single health behavior does not adequately represent the complexity of behavioral effects on health (Cribb and Duncan 2002). Strategie s such as decision analysis using subjective expected utility judgments and multiattribute utility analyses are best suited for cases in which there is less time pressure, more carefully collected data, multiple stakeholders, or generally lower levels of experience. The strategies are termed compensatory strategies, because they are designed to compensate for a small weakness on one or two attributes or evaluation dimensions if an option shows major strengths on other evaluation dimensions (Gandee et al 1998). For health and social care professionals, there are a variety of sources of information that can be used to derive a model of human performance under stress: accident analysis, incident analysis, operator protocols and lifestyle (Fletcher et al 2006). Transactional stress processes may generate both direct and indirect effects on performance, mediated by coping and self-regulative processes. Direct effects follow from task-related coping efforts, such as voluntary decisions to adopt a risky speed-accuracy trade-off, to prioritize one of two

How does John Lewis profit sharing with their employees benefit the Literature review

How does John Lewis profit sharing with their employees benefit the company - Literature review Example When the employees get the feelings of ownership, they increase their contribution toward the business profitability. The profit sharing approach works best when the business and the management educate the employees in understanding the business challenges hence work hard to get solutions. There are two way communications that create a hardworking culture; employee involvement and flat management (Melton, Smith & Yates 2008). In this strategy, the employer provides the employees cash and bonuses. The employer pays the workers extra money depending on either their individual level of performance or the company’s performance level. The management will have to deduct the extra payment as an expense but will pay income tax from that amount (Latta 2005). A company can also award the performance-based incentive in the form of deferred compensation plan. In such a strategy, the employer will add a bonus amount to a pension scheme followed by a deduction of the contribution. The employee will then have to pay the income tax that the contribution amounts to when he/she receives the money from the trust. Various researches indicate that cash reward strategies give better productivity motivation than the deferred compensation plans. The difference is explained by the immediacy resulting from the positive behavior reinforcement (Hallman & Rosenbloom 2003). The last method that a business can use in this strategy is the stock option. Developing companies can use this process, but should be in markets that are growing fast. The company awards the employees the opportunity to buy shares at a specified period at a set price. The employees wait until the company executes the plan in order to start getting the benefits. The company offers stock option as a bonus to employees for inclusion in the profit sharing plan (Gitman & Joehnk 2005). One of the major benefits of this strategy is that it is cheap and flexible while implementing. The employer can

Mathematics Assignment final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Earth's Lithosphere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Abuse & Fraud Essay Example for Free

Abuse Fraud Essay In the present health care system, hospital practitioner joint ventures make all the interested parties subject to a complex network of regulations and law and to the scrutiny by many federal agencies including:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States Department of Health and Human services (HHS)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Office of the Inspector General (OIG)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the General Accounting Office (GAO)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The department of Justice (DOJ)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) In addition to this, many hospital financial managers must thoroughly understand the complex laws and regulations that normally affect their relationship with the physicians or doctors. The Medicaid and Medicare abuse and fraud statute provides that a person who willfully and knowingly pays, offers, receives or solicits any remuneration in exchange of referring a person to the for the furnishing of any service or item, or recommending any facility paid for in whole by Medicare shall be guilty of a felony (Goldsmith, 2010). In most cases, this provision is referred to as the ‘anti kickback statute’. Compensation is defined in this statute as including bribes, rebates, kickbacks whether made indirectly or directly, covertly or overtly, in kind or in cash (McWay, 2003). The penalties for violating the anti-kickback statute are quite severe and include criminal penalties, imprisonment for up to five years and fines of up to twenty five thousand dollars (Morrison, 2009). Additionally, the office of the Inspector General, which is the investigative agent for the HHS, has the authority to enforce money penalties on any violators and to prohibit them from participating in any medical programs (Bauman, 2002). Given the extent of the abuse and fraud statute, there are many details of the law that have been stipulated in the courts that have broadly interpreted the statute (Bauman, 2002). According to the Center for Medicare Medicaid services (2005), the leading cases indicate that if one several objectives of payments is to stimulate referrals, it is a violation of the abuse and fraud statute. Furthermore, when referrals must be the main reason of a transaction in orders to amount to a breach, referrals still need to be the sole purpose. In the year 1991, HHS released the safe harbor regulations that described eleven exemptions from the abuse and fraud statute (Altshuler, Creekpaum Fang, 2008). Furthermore, the arrangements that satisfy the safe harbor provisions are normally protected from the scrutiny. The vast majority of arrangements between different providers, suppliers and practitioners will normally fall outside of the safe harbors because it is somewhat difficult to structure the arrangements that comply with all the conditions of the drawn provisions (Bauman, 2002). For the medial practitioners who are unfamiliar with abuse and fraud law, the practical effect of the rules may hamper the development of some innovative arrangements and practices that can be beneficial to medical programs such as Medicaid and Medicare enrollees. In addition to this, the infinite majority of health providers, suppliers and physicians who serve people with Medicare are committed to providing high quality care to their patients as well as billing the medical program only for the payments that the physicians have earned (Bauman, 2002) Many health practitioners in the health industry are of the view that any kinds of arrangements that fall outside the safe harbor provisions are illegitimate (Altshuler, Creekpaum Fang, 2008). On the other hand, the failure to comply with these safe harbor provisions may signify that: The arrangement is not intended at all to stimulate the referral of business reimbursable under medical programs such as Medicaid or Medicare. The arrangement infringes the statute and does not meet the criteria for safe harbor protection. The arrangement may breach the statute in a less serious way. Discussion based on the applicable statutes, the Feldstein case and other cases The most known safe harbors mainly deal with investments by practitioners and providers. There are two safe harbors for investment interests: one for investments in large businesses and one for small businesses. In the large business safe harbor, the entity possesses over fifty million dollars in undepreciated net tangible assets, which are related to certain medical programs such as Medicaid. In the Feldstein’s case, there is an issue of whether physician or doctor recruitment can be immune from any legal attack because of a possible violation of abuse of laws and federal fraud. Unlike other abuse opinions and federal fraud cases, the facts of this case did not involve any kind of corruption. In addition to this, the facts of the Feldstein case are significant because they are a common occurrence in the medical field. Additionally, in this case, when the defendants acquired the control of the hospital, they had attempted to terminate the doctor’s contract because they were of the view that the doctor’s physician recruitment agreements had violated the federal fraud stipulations as well as abuse law. The doctor had refused to come to a settlement with the defendants and he then sued them for a breach of contract. In the court’s ruling, the court decided to decline all the recruitment arrangements illegal and stated that some arrangements may be permissible at some point. The issue of safe harbors arises in this point.

Leadership in Nursing Skills

Leadership in Nursing Skills Leadership is process of persuading others to work toward achieving the common desired outcomes (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). In healthcare settings, leadership and quality of care are interlinked. Nursing leadership plays vital role in organisational success as it is client oriented. It facilitates and ensures the delivery of best possible care to the clients (Zori Morrison, 2009) There are certain leadership characteristics that determine the effectiveness of a nurse leader. This essay critically discusses these attributes and also discusses the significance of these characteristics in context of nursing leadership. Furthermore, it briefly explains the effect of change and use of power in nursing to accommodate the change. A leader is anyone who influences his followers to do what he want them to do for attaining the organisational goals (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Leaders possess many leadership traits that make them different from their followers and enable them to lead the group effectively (Marquis and Huston, 2009). Key personal qualities of an effective nurse leader are self awareness, integrity, courage and perseverance. Development of an ability to think critically, to share common vision, to manage conflict, delegation and communicating skilfully are essential leadership behaviours that make a nurse leader effective (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). Identifying the one` leadership skills is very crucial as it enables the person to achieve the organisational goals. The leaders must set an example to influence their followers. They must have high emotional intelligence to understand themselves and others (Linda, 2005). A leader must be self aware. He should know his own strengths and weaknesses. If he recognises his strengths or weaknesses and likes or dislikes, it is much easier for him to identify othersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Then, they can work together neutralising their weaknesses (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). The focus of leadership should not be they, but, it must be the client. They should emphasize on improving the quality of care provided to their clients (Hiscock Shuldham, 2008). Leading an organisation or department is very challenging. The leaders confront many problematic issues everyday, resolving these issues is complex. Successful leaders are critical thinkers too. They must be able to critically analyse the situation using their expertise knowledge and skills. Critical thinking is one of the components of decision making. Using the critical thinking skills, a leader examines the situation, looks for different alternatives and becomes aware of all the risks that may prevent the success of decision being made. Therefore, the leader attempts to avoid such pitfalls and decide the best possible alternative. Critical thinking is not innate, however, it can be learnt during one`s own experiences (Sullivan and Decker, 2009). Ability to share a common vision should be part of an effective leader`s behaviour. Nursing leaders think à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"outside the boxà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ . They are capable to think about better future when the things are currently getting harder to deal with. They are open minded, ready to think laterally and search for different ways to tackle the problems (Morgan, 2010). They should be able to influence others to develop this vision and become involved in different strategies to initiate change (Grossman Valiga, 2009). Delegation is also a key attribute of nursing leadership which is learnt with practice. Delegation is reassigning the task to another person which you are supposed to do. Even though, you have delegated the task to anyone else, you are accountable for the task accomplishment. In healthcare settings, the nurse leader uses her professional judgement while delegating the nursing care to nurses depending upon their abilities and supervises their work too. By doing this, the nurses can gain more confidence and competence in their own performance. As the main focus of leadership is providing quality care to the client, supervision of work by leader nurse ensures that the patient receives standardised care. Hence, it brings them together as a team leading towards attaining the goal of providing safe and quality care to their clients (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). Communication plays a vital role in successful leadership. To be successful, leaders must develop excellent communication skills. Nurse leaders promote two-way communication. Effective leaders can successfully convey their messages to their followers by verbal and non-verbal communication and they are good listeners also. They encourage valuable suggestions from staff members that can help leaders for bringing about effective changes in organisation. Effective communication facilitates the constructive relationship between them (Marquis and Huston, 2009). Nowadays, nursing leadership is considered as very crucial factor in promoting health and catering for the unique health needs of the people by providing safe and quality care. It is very important for nurses to develop these leadership characteristics if they want to become a nurse leader (Davison, 2010). It focuses on evidence based practice. Being nurses, they are committed to provide best quality care to the clients. Nurses should believe and understand that their role impacts the clients and the outcomes. Therefore, they should make best use of their leadership skills to bring improvement in the client care (Hiscock and Shuldham, 2008). Nurse leaders model high emotional intelligence. It is very useful as it enables them to understand their own and clients` behaviour. Better understanding of client will assist them to recognise and fulfil unique health needs of client and achieve organisational goals. Nurse leaders use critical thinking skills everyday because they engage in making complex decisions related to client care. Critical thinking enables nurses to scrutinize particular situation and choose appropriate action using their sound professional knowledge. This can bring changes and achieve positive health outcomes (Hood, 2010). The nurse leaders have ability to see a changed reality. They also inspire others to see the change and persuade them to contribute towards achievement of the outcome. They must value the contributions of followers (Grossman Valiga, 2009). Nurse leaders should exhibit excellent communication skills. As they work as health team member, they need to communicate with all other members of health organisation with a common aim of achieving positive patient outcomes. They share their views and convey the messages clearly to the clients and subordinates. Besides this, nurse leaders are active listeners. They encourage active participation of clients in their own care. Nurse leaders maintain written records, which serves as evidence of care being given. These records can be used to track the delivery of health care. On the other hand, if nurses are unable to communicate effectively, it may lead to chaos as the clients will not receive appropriate care (Grossman Valiga, 2009). Delegation is an essential leadership trait. Nurse leaders delegate their work to their subordinates; however, they are accountable for their task. It acts as a tool as it facilitates development of skills of others. It also enables leader to carry out m ore tasks at the same time. Apart from these, it also develops teamwork (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Power can be defined as an ability to influence others to get work done. In healthcare organisations, the power is essential for the organisational effectiveness and workers` satisfaction. Nurses use power to influence clients and other health professionals. To use power effectively, nurses must be knowledgeable about different sources and types of power. All nurses exercise power in one or other way (Whitehead, Weiss Tappen, 2007). The nurses can use power to improve practice and achieve the goals of an organisation. When there is a change occurring, it is not taken as granted. The people may resist the change. In such situation, nurses can make effective use of their power to influence others and initiate change. Nurses aim to reduce the resistance by sharing the information, disconfirming currently held beliefs, providing psychological safety and dictating change (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). For instance, nurses can use informational power by sharing the information about the proposed change. They can influence clients by providing knowledge and sharing their vision about improvement of delivery of care (Huntington Gilmour, 2010). By using expert power, the nurse leaders can explain the reasons why the change is being brought in? They will ensure others that this change will improve their performance. They will appreciate suggestions from them and their concerns about it. Once, the nurse leaders successfully influenced others, they can implement change. There are many examples of use o f power by nurse leaders that brought changes in nursing practice. For instance, in Australia and New Zealand nurses used their power in form of legislative procedure and it enabled nurse practitioners to prescribe medicine (Huntington Gilmour, 2010). Nurses are obliged to protect the clients. When the clients need assistance to speak for them, the nurses act as their advocates. Using their power, nurses can present their views and suggestions and can demand for improving the quality of care being delivered to the clients. Nurse leaders should have understanding of clientsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ rights, ethical issues to protect clients from any harm. For example, when working in Intensive Care Unit, if a nurse recognizes that one of other staff member does not practice good hand hygiene practice as per the norms of the hospital despite of previous warnings given. At first glance, nurse might find it challenging to report this issue to their superiors. However, keeping the client care as focus she will address this problem. This is an effective use of her legitimate power. When the client is not receiving appropriate care and there is need to change the situation, nurses act as protectors. Nurses preserve the rights of clients, protect the clients and monitor the quality of client care (Hood, 2010). Nurse leaders can use their power effectively by empowering others. They should work together as a team rather than competing with their co-workers. It prevents conflicts and promotes harmony in the healthcare setting. The clients may feel powerlessness due to their diseased conditions. Nurses can empower clients by actively engaging them in their care i.e. by giving them informed choices about their treatment, seeking suggestions to promote their health. This will strengthen their relationship by building trust between nurse and client and will enable patients to become an active partner rather than a passive recipient (Hood, 2010). In conclusion, effective leadership is a key element in organisational success. Effective leaders along with their team members, work together in order to achieve organisational goals. Leaders develop certain leadership attributes that enable leaders to influence others to follow them. Nursing leadership is an indispensable part of health care system. It plays a vital role in promoting health and delivery of quality client care. Nursing leadership is client oriented as it works for the best interests of their clients. Nurse leaders exercise power to influence clients, their families and other healthcare professionals in order to achieve positive health outcomes. Change is inevitable in health care. New changes can be introduced successfully with the effective use of power. The focus of care remains clients. The nurse leaders should communicate the change with their colleagues and clients and persuade them to allow this change. The nurses are obliged to protect the rights of clients a nd ensure optimal delivery of health care services. The changes are made to improve the quality of care and client safety.

Essay example --

The Gathering Storm In 1939 Sep 1st Germans thrust into Poland and defeated them fairly easy. 20 years earlier, their forefathers have also been on the march, but back into their land as they have been defeated in Nov 1918 after 4 years of World War 1. Germany’s Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm had been forced to quit, as his armies were being defeated and his people faced starvation. But already a dangerous myth was taking on the Germans. They claimed they have not been defeated at battle, but betrayed by their politicians. Even so at 11AM Nov 11, 1918 WWI ended. The following months President Wilson came to Europe, promising to create a new world order, he created a new league of nations. They agreed that dispute between countries will be done with debate, and not war. The Germans were set free and the Austria-Hungry Empire was gone and they created new countries Austria, Poland, Hungry and more, Germany was reduced greatly in size. But this process was a time bomb, and one day the desire to reunite these countries will hunt Europe. The war was very hard on the German people, and they must pay 6.5 billion pounds to France and Great Britain. This was something they could not afford. When Wilson came back to America his league fell, after as the US Congress said they could afford being sucked into a new war, and refused to join his league and the US withdrew. German became a democracy, and street battles started to rise between communist and nationalist. In 1923 the country was devastated by hyperinflation which reached 100 percent. A huge amount of peoples saving were wiped out. This was ground for a new wing of political parties, among them was Hitler and his fiery words let him be in charge of the Nazi’s. The Nazis tried to strike ... ...limbo. After a few days England sends a message to Poland saying they should negotiate but they are not expected to make any deal with Germany. On Aug 30th Hitler makes his final offer to Poland, as he demands unification of Danzig to the German Reich. Hitler also demands referendums of the land connecting Berlin to Danzig. The Polish government does not except any of Hitler deals. In the afternoon of Aug 31st 1939, 10 days conclud with no deal what so ever. When the poles do not except any negotiation, Hitler give his order for attack, on the next morning. On Sep 1st 1939 the German army lines up for battle against Poland. Hitler gives a speech stating, â€Å"I have come to the decision to talk to the Poles in the same way they have spoken to us. As of 545 hours today we are fighting back. From now on every bomb will be repaid with a bomb†, and thus the war have begun.

Humanities and Telecommunication :: Technology Marx Heidegger Papers

Humanities and Telecommunication Contemporary technology in the form of electronically managed interactive telecommunications is compatible with the goals and values of the humanities. For Marx, machine-work tended toward being mechanically routine, repetitive, deskilled, and trivialized. In the case of discourse, the same criticism has been made of computerized communication. Immediacy is not authorial presence, but the experience of textuality that is maximized by participation in interactive communication. Bulletin board technology inverts the relationship between the degree of communicative interaction and the number of communicants. It is both mass communication and individualized participation. From the point of view of a theory of discourse, the bulletin board system is unique in that the ratio between the number of participants and the individualized nature of the interaction is directly proportional. One person's voice does not inhibit or repress the voice of another. It is the technological embodiment of t he ideal speech situation of Habermas which allows for the maximum of democratic participation and which, by allowing everyone to have a voice, allows for the greatest amount of dissensus and dialectic. The thesis of this paper is that contemporary technology in the form of digital information, natural language processing, cybernetics, and particularly interactive telecommunications is compatible with the goals and values of the humanities. There has been, however, the criticism that technology is dehumanizing. We will consider and respond to this criticism in light of the thought of Marx, Marcuse, Lyotard and Heidegger. Only a few years ago the connotations surrounding the terms 'philosophy' and 'computers' were incongruous. One reason for this was the association of computer technology with mathematical computation and the manipulation of symbols in formal programming languages. Since most of us do not use computers for number crunching or programming, but for word processing, text processing, and communication, this incongruity has diminished. The concrete instance of this technology that the paper considers is the electronic bulletin board. A user calling into an electronic bulletin board can read and enter messages, upload and download files. The messages are usually divided into conferences or discussion groups where messages are listed according to subject matter, date, sender and receiver. The message log is also a searchable database through which multiple discussion threads can be followed. One major technological advantage of the bulletin board is the liberation from the constraints of time and space. Parties to a communication do not need to be at the same location or present at the same time.

Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) has been in place for over 30 years.   Initially used as an analgesic before the Second World War, it was used to rectify the heroine epidemic in the post-World War II era.   At present, MMT is used as a harm-reduction strategy – a tool to help withdrawing heroine addicts, reduce crime and deaths associated with opiate use and to reduce incidences of HIV/AIDS that results from heroin injection and needle use.   There is still however a controversy surrounding the treatment basically because of the misconception associated with MMT.   Health officials believe that MMT should be kept in a short duration as possible while researchers contend that higher doses and longer treatment duration may lead to lower cases of relapse. Heroin addiction is a persistent problem in the United States especially in New York City where heroin abuse, replacing opium smoking, started in the early 20th century (Frank, 2000).   The post-World War II era saw an epidemic rise in the number of heroin addicts such that between 1950 and 1961, heroin injection became one of the leading causes of death among young adults in New York City (Joseph, Stancliff & Langrod, 2000).   The average age of heroin-related deaths was 29 years old, both for men and women. Initially used as an analgesic in Germany before the Second World War, methadone was considered as an answer to the prevalence of the illicit drug and the consequent criminal offenses and deaths associated with its use.   This started in 1949 when Isbell and Vogel demonstrated methadone to be effective in helping addicts withdraw from heroin (Joseph et. al, 2000).   In 1964, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was launched as a research program in Rockefeller Institute under the direction of Dr. Vincent P. Dole and Dr. Marie E. Nyswander. At present, methadone maintenance treatment is one of the common medications used to treat heroin and other opiate addiction.   Judging from the number of researches and assessments on MMT, it is evidently the drug abuse treatment that has received the most thorough evaluation and has been shown to be effective in reducing opioid use, HIV incidences, criminal activity and mortality (â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment†, 2007).   Consequently, it has also been demonstrated to improve physical and mental health and a person’s ability to regain normal social functioning. Despite the staggering number of studies associated with MMT and the scientific data resulting from these studies showing that the treatment is an effective medication for withdrawing opiate addicts, controversies still surround the treatment.   There seem to be  conflicting views between scientists/researchers and health officials as to how the treatment must be dispensed.   Aside from discussing those controversies, this paper will also: a) present methadone facts b) present the advantages and disadvantages of MMT and determine the people that can benefit from such a treatment; and c) assess whether MMT is an effective harm-reduction strategy. Methadone Facts Methadone, initially used as an analgesic, is a synthetic narcotic that has been used to treat opiate addiction for more than 3 decades (Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2000).   Heroin and opioid addicts feel the need to continually take in these substances because opiates occupy a receptor in the brain which sends a signal to the body when opiate levels are low.   Methadone works by â€Å"occupying† these receptor sites and consequently hinders the euphoria caused by heroin use, relieves the craving for opiate and reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with abrupt cessation of opiate use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Taken orally once a day, the effect of methadone can last from 24 to 36 hours. As with any medication, there is the risk of abuse and dependency.   In a controlled and supervised treatment, a former heroine addict may remain physically dependent on methadone but does not experience the highs and lows resulting from the increase and decrease of heroine in blood levels (ONDCP, 2000). A person on methadone treatment can therefore be integrated into the society and become a functional citizen. Who Benefits From MMT Methadone will only be effective for those recovering from opiate addiction and will have no effect for those who are taking other mood-altering substances apart from opiates  (Stimmel & Kreek, 2000).   In the past, admission to MMT was limited only to applicants between the ages of 21 and 40 with a minimum of 4 years narcotic addiction.   Joseph, et. al. (2000) noticed that the admission criteria is much more liberal now as rehabilitation clinics now admit patients younger than 21 and older than 40. Because the link between heroin abuse and alcoholism has long been acknowledged, the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) changed its former rules of separating treatment for heroin addicts and alcoholics and instead ordered that Addiction Treatment Centers (ATCs) admit methadone patients into alcoholism rehabilitation programs and vice versa (Kipnis, Herron, Perez & Joseph, 2001). Even pregnant women can be treated using methadone as long as the mother is closely monitored and has to be enrolled in a comprehensive program that not only includes MMT but also prenatal care, nutritional counseling and other medical services that the pregnant woman may need (Joseph, et. al, 2000).   Ward (1998) as cited in â€Å"Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment† (2207) asserted that nobody should be excluded from the treatment (in the context of heroin and opiate use) because no reliable criteria exist that has determined a group of people that will not respond to treatment. Key Issues in MMT The guiding principle of most rehabilitation centers is that an addict is â€Å"cured† if he is able to abstain from the use of an illicit drug.   Critics of MMT claim that the treatment is just a substitute for the stronger opiate (heroin) addiction.   This is viewed as the major disadvantage of MMT, especially by health officials.   Kipnis, et. al. (2001), Stimmel and Kreek (2000), Joseph, et. al. (2000) and a host of other researchers contend that there is a misconception and misunderstanding between health officials and researchers of MMT.   Even at present, there is a stigma associated with MMT because it still viewed as a physical dependence on a drug. This explains why most patients in rehabilitation clinics receive  insufficient doses which would lead to a likely relapse. A lot of health care officials believe that therapy using methadone has to be ceased as soon as possible.   Researchers disagree, arguing that there should not be a limit as to the duration of the treatment because patients may respond well to a short treatment while others may respond better to a longer treatment, possibly even a lifetime treatment.   Joseph et. al. (2000) also noted that higher doses lead to a higher treatment retention rate.   Even with increasing evidence pointing to the effectiveness of MMT as a therapy for heroin and opiate withdrawal, there is still only partial acceptance for the treatment by the public.   The media has also distorted the public’s view on MMT which resulted to a stigma associated to the treatment. MMT as a Harm-Reduction Strategy Drug Policy Alliance (2007) cited dozens of authors that supported MMT as a tool used to reduce crime, death and disease.   Researchers agree that methadone is the most effective treatment for heroin addiction.   Furthermore, methadone reduces criminal offenders because those who are in MMT are able to lead stable lives and can acquire legitimate employment. Cases of HIV and other diseases caused by needle-sharing are also reduced by the treatment.   Methadone treatment is also a point of contact between the patient and the health official and an opportunity for the patient to learn about the techniques to prevent HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases that may inflict drug users. MMT is also cost-effective, costing only $13 per day and is a better alternative than incarceration (ONDCP, 2000).   Kipnis, et. al. (2001) however believes that there must be an organizational overhaul in order for MMT to be more effective.   The staff of ATCs must lose their held principles that MMT does not work or that it is a form of addiction.   Discrimination for MMT patients must have no place in the 12-step rehabilitation programs and the public also needs to be educated of the proper and real function of MMT in the community. Conclusion MMT has been proven to be effective in more than 3 decades of its use.   Social factors however prevent it from being used properly.   Misconceptions that health officials have regarding the treatment, its use and the dosage to be dispensed lead to a great number of relapses.   Staff culture and beliefs have to be changed in order for methadone maintenance treatment to be fully accepted in the community and for its effectivity to be optimized. References Drug Policy Alliance (2007). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.lindesmith.org/library/ research/methadone.cfm Frank. B. (2000). An Overview of Heroin Trends in New York City: Past, Present and Future. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5-6). Kipnis, S., Herron, A., Perez, J. & Joseph, H. (2001 January). Integrating the Methadone Patient In the Traditional Addiction Inpatient Rehabilitation Program – Problems and Solutions [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 68 (1). Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/68/PAGE28_32.pdf Joseph, H., Stancliff, S. & Langrod J. (2000). Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5). 347-364. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page347_364.pdf Literature Review – Methadone Maintenance Treatment (2007). Health Canada. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from   http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/adp-apd/methadone/policy-politique_e.html#adm Stimmel, B & Kreek, M.J. (2000). Neurobiology of Addictive Behaviors and Its Relationship to Methadone Maintenance [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, (5-6). 375-380. Retrieved September 1, 2007 from http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/67/page375_380.pdf U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2002 February). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. IDU HIV Prevention. Retrieved August 30, 2007 from http://www.cdc.gov/idu/facts/MethadoneFin.pdf